![]() ![]() Both drugs in this class can increase the risk for heart failure in some individuals and can also cause fluid retention (edema) in the legs and feet. These drugs help insulin work better in the muscle and fat and reduce glucose production in the liver.Ī benefit of TZDs is that they lower blood glucose without having a high risk for causing low blood glucose. Rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) are in a group of drugs called thiazolidinediones. The most common side effects with sulfonylureas are low blood glucose and weight gain. These drugs are generally taken one to two times a day, before meals.Īll sulfonylurea drugs have similar effects on blood glucose levels, but they differ in side effects, how often they are taken, and interactions with other drugs. There are three main sulfonylurea drugs used today, glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol and Glucotrol XL), and glyburide (Micronase, Glynase, and Diabeta). Sulfonylureas drugs have been in use since the 1950s and are used to stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin. ![]() Because they increase glucose levels in the urine, the most common side effects include genital yeast infections. SGLT2 inhibitors are also known to help improve outcomes in people with heart disease, kidney disease, and heart failure.įor this reason, these medications are often used in people with type 2 diabetes who also have heart or kidney problems. Bexagliflozin (Brenzavvy), canagliflozin (Invokana), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), and empagliflozin (Jardiance) are SGLT2 inhibitors that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat type 2 diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) works in the kidney to reabsorb glucose, and a new class of medication, SGLT2 inhibitors, block this action, causing excess glucose to be eliminated in the urine.īy increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine, people can see improved blood glucose, some weight loss, and small decreases in blood pressure. ![]() Glucose in the bloodstream passes through the kidneys, where it can either be excreted in the urine or reabsorbed back into the blood. The most common side effect with these medications is nausea and vomiting, which is more common when starting or increasing the dose. How often you need to inject these medications varies from twice daily to once weekly, depending on the medication. One dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist is currently on the market called tirzepatide (Mounjaro). Injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists currently on the market include: Most of these medications are injected, with the exception of one that is taken by mouth once daily, called semaglutide (Rybelsus). Some agents in this class have also been shown to prevent heart disease. These medications can result in large benefits on lowering blood glucose and body weight. These medications have similar effects to the GLP-1 and GIP produced in the body, but are resistant to being broken down by the DPP-4 enzyme. Use of GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists is another strategy to help use these hormones to improve blood glucose management in people with type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor AgonistsĪs noted in the description for DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 and GIP are natural hormones in the body that help maintain glucose levels. There are four DPP-4 inhibitors currently on the market in the U.S.: DPP-4 inhibitors do not cause weight gain and are usually very well tolerated. These hormones reduce blood glucose levels in the body, but they are broken down very quickly so it does not work well when injected as a drug itself.īy interfering in the process that breaks down GLP-1 and GIP, DPP-4 inhibitors allow these hormones to remain active in the body longer, lowering blood glucose levels only when they are elevated. They work by preventing the breakdown of naturally occurring hormones in the body, GLP-1 and GIP. DPP-4 InhibitorsĭPP-4 inhibitors help improve A1C (a measure of average blood glucose levels over two to three months) without causing hypoglycemia low blood glucose). A side effect of metformin may be diarrhea, but this is improved when the drug is taken with food. Metformin also helps lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be used for energy. Metformin lowers blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Metformin (Glucophage) is classified as a biguanide medication and is the only available medication in this class. GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists. ![]() Some of the commonly used classes of non-insulin medications include: Some options are taken by mouth and others are injected. There are different types, or classes, of medications that work in different ways to lower blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) levels. ![]()
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